Computer drawing of a model rocket. Center of pressure of rocket equals
 the sum of the area times the distance of the components divided by the
 total area.

As a model rocket flies through the air, aerodynamic forces act on all parts of the rocket. In the same way that the weight of all the rocket components acts through the center of gravity (cg), the aerodynamic forces act through a single point called the center of pressure (cp). How do you determine the location of the center of pressure?

Calculating cp

You can calculate the center of pressure. But, in general, this is a complicated procedure requiring the use of calculus. The aerodynamic forces are the result of pressure variations around the surface of the rocket. In general, you would have to determine the integral of the pressure times the unit normal, times the area, times the distance from a reference line. Then divide by the integral of the pressure times the unit normal, times the area. (Lot's of work!) For a model rocket, there are some simplifying assumptions that we can use to make this task much easier. Model rockets are fairly symmetric about the axis of the rocket. This allows us to reduce the full three dimensional problem to a simple, two dimensional cut through the axis of the rocket. For model rockets, the magnitude of the pressure variation is quite small. If we assume that the pressure is nearly constant, finding the average location of the pressure times the area distribution reduces to finding just the average location of the projected area distribution.

Simplified Calculation of cp

This figure shows a simplified version of the calculation procedure that you can use. We assume that we already know the projected area and location, relative to some reference location, of each of the major parts of the rocket: the nose, body tube, and fins. The projected area of the rocket is the sum of the projected area of the components. Since the center of pressure (cp) is an average location of the projected area, we can say that the area of the whole rocket times the location of the center of pressure is equal to the sum of the projected area of each component times the distance of that component from the reference location. The "location" of each component is the distance of each component's center of pressure from the reference line. So you have to be able to calculate or determine the center of pressure of each of the components. For example, the projected area of the body tube is a rectangle. The center of pressure is on the axis, half way between the end planes.

Mechanically determining cp

For a model rocket, there is a simple mechanical way to determine the center of pressure for each component or for the entire rocket. Make a two dimensional tracing of the shape of the component (or rocket) on a piece of cardboard and cut out the shape. Hang the cut out shape by a string, and determine the point at which it balances. (Just like balancing a pencil with a string!) The point at which the component (or rocket) is balanced is the center of pressure. You obviously could not use this procedure for a very large rocket like the Space Shuttle. But it works quite well for a model.

 


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byTom Benson
Please send suggestions/corrections to: benson@grc.nasa.gov