Using a Jeep to Estimate the Energy in Gasoline
Problem:
Estimate the energy released in burning a gallon of gasoline in an automobile
engine.
Solution:
I used my 1994 Jeep Wrangler to acquire data for this problem. The estimated
weight of the Jeep is 3000 pounds, or 1400 kg. On the highway, the jeep
travels about 20 miles per gallon of gasoline. The gasoline must be
burned to keep the Jeep moving at a constant speed against internal
friction and air resistance. To estimate the combined effect of these
two forces, I drove until I came to a flat road surface, then shifted
into neutral, and allowed the Jeep to decelerate. Counting by thousands
to estimate time, it took about 11 sec for the speed to drop from 45
mph to 35 mph. These numbers provide an estimate for the acceleration
due to combined friction and air resistance:
(10
mph)/(11 sec) = 0.91 mph/sec = 0.40 m/sec2
and
the force slowing the Jeep:
(1400
kg) x (0.40 m/sec2)
560 nt
This
force is the same force that must be overcome when driving the Jeep
at constant speed. Since 20 miles/gal = 32,000 m/gal, the energy in
j, expended by burning a gallon of gasoline to overcome 560 nt of force
over the distance of one mile, is
(560
nt) x (32,000 m/gal)
2 x 107 j/gal.
Since
engine efficiency is 20%, the actual energy expended must be about 5
times the above stated amount, or
108
j/gal,
the
difference showing up as waste heat. Thus, burning a gallon of gasoline
releases about 108 j of energy.
Exploding
a ton of TNT liberates about 4 x 109 j, so that a gallon
of gasoline is equivalent to about 50
pounds of TNT.