The conservation of mass is a fundamental
concept of physics. Within some problem domain, the amount of mass
remains constant; mass is neither created or destroyed. The
mass of any object is simply the
volume
that the object
occupies times the density of the object.
For a fluid (a liquid or a gas) the
density, volume, and shape of the object can all change within the
domain with time and mass can move through the domain.
The conservation of mass equation tells us that the
mass flow rate through a tube is a constant
and equal to the product of the density, velocity, and flow area.
When we consider the effects of the
compressibility of a gas at high speeds
we obtain the
compressible mass flow
equation shown on the slide.
mdot = (A * pt/sqrt[Tt]) * sqrt(g/R) * M * [1 + M^2 * (g-1)/2]^-[(g+1)/(g-1)/2]
The mass flow rate mdot depends on some properties of the gas
(total pressure pt, total temperature Tt,
gas constant R,
ratio of specific heatsg),
the area A of the tube, and the Mach number M.
With some additional work, we can derive a very useful function which depends
only on the
Mach number.
We begin with the compressible mass flow equation and,
using algebra, we divide both sides of the equation by the area, multiply both
sides by the square root of the total temperature, and divide both sides by the total pressure.
We then multiply both sides by the gravitational constant g0
times a reference pressure p0
divided by the square root of a reference temperature T0.
The mass flow rate is changed to a weight flow rate wdot
and we assign special symbols; theta to the ratio of the temperature to
the reference temperature, and delta to the ratio of the pressure to
the reference pressure. The resulting equation is:
The right side of the equation now contains the Mach number, the
gas constant, the ratio of specific heats, the gravitational constant and the reference
pressure and temperature.
We pick the reference conditions to be
sea level static
conditions and the
values for the gas properties are given below:
g0 = 32.2 ft/sec^2
p0 = 14.7 lb/in^2
T0 = 518 degrees Rankine
R = 1716 ft^2/sec^2 degree Rankine
g = 1.4
The temperature ratio theta
and the pressure ratio delta are just numbers; they have no
dimensions.
The quantity "w dot times the square root of theta divided by delta" is called the
corrected weight flow. If we substitute the numbers given above, we obtain:
The corrected weight flow per unit area is just a function of the Mach number.
What good is all this? The multiplier (.59352) is computed from reference conditions,
so
it never changes. The Mach number is a dimensionless property of the flow. We can
compute a value for the corrected airflow per unit area at any location in the flow domain.
Similarly, if we have a value for the corrected airflow per unit area, we can determine
the Mach number (and the velocity) at that location. For some problems, like an ideal nozzle,
the area changes but the weight flow stays the same. Using this function we can easily
determine the speed at any location. If we add (or subtract) mass, we can recompute the
corrected weight flow per area and still determine the velocity. If a shock is present,
the total pressure changes. Using the corrected weight flow per unit area function we can
determine how the velocity (Mach number) changes by multiplying by the total pressure
ratio. If heat is added, or work is done, which changes the total temperature, we can
again determine the effects on velocity. This function is extensively used by propulsion
engineers to quickly solve duct and nozzle problems.
Here is a Java program that solves the corrected airflow equation.
By default, the program Input Variable is the
Mach number
of the flow. Since the corrected airflow per area depends only on the Mach number,
the program can calculate the value of the airflow per
area and display the results on the right side of the output
variables. You can also have the program solve for the Mach number
that produces a desired value of flow per area.
Using the choice button labeled Input Variable, select "Flow per Area Wcor/A".
Directly below the selection, you then type in a value for Wcor/A.
When you hit the Enter key on your keyboard,
the output values change. The corrected airflow is double valued;
for the same airflow ratio, there is a subsonic
and a supersonic solution. The choice button at the right top selects
the solution that is presented.
If you are an experienced user of this calculator, you can use a
sleek version
of the program which loads faster on your computer and does not include these instructions.
You can also download your own copy of the program to run off-line by clicking on this button: