Publications

Publications
This is a current publication list. Several papers can be downloaded for viewing or printing. Other relevant publications can be found by going to the web site at Ohio State University .

M. Zhang, S.T. Yu, S.C. Lin, S.C. Chang, and I. Blankson, "Solving the MHD Equations by the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method," J. Comput. Phys., Vol. 214, pp. 599-617, 2006.

C.L. Chang, "Time-Accurate, Unstructured-Mesh Navier-Stokes Computations with the Space-Time CESE Method," AIAA Paper 2006-4780, presented at the 42th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, July 10-12, 2006, Sacramento, CA.

Sin-Chung Chang, "On Space-Time Inversion Invariance and its Relation to Non-Dissipatedness of a CESE Core Scheme," AIAA Paper 2006-4779, presented at the 42th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, July 10-12, 2006, Sacramento, CA.

C.L. Chang, B.S. Venkatachari, G.C. Cheng, "Unsteady Aerothermodynamics Analysis of Hypersonic Flows over a Reentry Capsule," AIAA Paper 2006-4776, presented at the 42th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, July 10-12, 2006, Sacramento, CA.

M. Ostman, "Melting Pre-study of Models and Mapping: Physical modeling of Scrap Melting," MSc Thesis, 2006, Department of Applied Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden.

T. I. Tseng, and R. J. Yang, "Simulation of the Mach Reflection in Supersonic Flows by the CE/SE Method," Shock Waves, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 207-311, 2005.

Sin-Chung Chang, "Courant Number and Mach Number Insensitive CE/SE Euler Solvers," AIAA Paper 2005-4355, presented at the 41th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, July 11-13, 2005, Tucson, AZ.

I.S. Chang, C.L. Chang, S.C. Chang, "Unsteady Navier-Stokes Rocket Nozzle Flows," AIAA Paper 2005-4353, presented at the 41th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, July 11-13, 2005, Tucson, AZ.

S.C. Chang, Y. Wu, V. Yang, and X.Y. Wang, "Local Time-Stepping Procedures for the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method," Inter. J. of Comput. Fluid Dyn., Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 359-380, July 2005.

S. C. Chang, "Explicit von Neumann Stability Conditions for the c-tau Scheme--A Basic Scheme in the Development of the CE-SE Courant Number Insensitive Schemes," NASA/TM-2005-213556.

M. Zhang, S.T. Yu, S.C. Lin, S.C. Chang, and I. Blankson, "Solving Magnetohydrodynamic Equations Without Special Treatment for Divergence-Free Magnetic Field," AIAA Journal, Vol. 42, No. 12, pp. 2605-2607, December 2004.

A. Ayasoufi, "Numerical Simulation of Heat Conduction with Melting and/or Freezing by Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method," Ph.D. Dissertation, December 2004, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH.

S. Cioc, "Application of the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method to Flows in Fluid Films," Ph.D. Dissertation, August 2004, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH.

C.K. Kim, S.T. Yu, Z.C. Zhang, "Cavity Flow in Scramjet Engine by Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method," AIAA Journal, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 912-919, May 2004.

A. Fedorov, and A. Tumin, "Evolution of Disturbances in Entropy Layer on Blunted Plate in Supersonic Flow," AIAA Journal, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 89-94, January 2004.

Y.I. Lim, S.C. Chang, and S.B. Jorgensen, "A Novel Partial Differential Algebraic Equation (PDAE) Solver: Iterative Space-Time Conservation Element/Solution Element (CE/SE) Method," Computers & Chemical Engineering, Vol. 28, pp. 1309-1324, 2004.

S. C. Chang, A. Himansu, C. Y.Loh, X. Y. Wang, and S. T. Yu, "Robust and Simple Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions for the Euler Equations-A New Approach Based on the Space-Time CE/SE Method," NASA/TM-2003-212495.

S. C. Chang, X. Y. Wang, "Multi-Dimensional Courant Number Insensitive CE/SE Euler Solvers for Applications Involving Highly Nonuniform Meshes," AIAA Paper 2003-5285, presented at the 39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, July 20-23, 2003, Huntsville, AL.

C.Y.Loh, A. Himansu, and L.S. Hultgren, "A 3-D CE/SE Navier-Stokes Solver with Unstructured Hexahedral Grid for Computation of Nearfield Jet Screech Noise," AIAA paper 2003-3207, to be presented at the 9th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, Hilton Head, SC, May, 2003.

Ching Y. Loh, "Near Field Trailing Edge Tone Noise Computation," AIAA Paper 2003-0365, presented at the 41th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 6-9, 2003, Reno, NV.

Sin-Chung Chang, "Courant Number Insensitive CE/SE Schemes," AIAA Paper 2002-3890, presented at the 38th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, July 7-10, 2002, Indianapolis, IN.

Philip C. E. Jorgenson, Ching Y. Loh, "Computing Axisymmetric Jet Screech Tones using Unstructured Grids," AIAA Paper 2002-3889, presented at the 38th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, July 7-10, 2002, Indianapolis, IN.

X. Y. Wang, C. L. Chen, Y. Liu "The Space-Time CE/SE Method for Solving Maxwell's Equations in Time-Domain," presented at the 2002 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, June 16-21, 2002, San Antonio, TX.

C.Y.Loh, "Nonlinear Aeroacoustics Computation by the Space-Time CE/SE Method," invited talk at the CBMS regional meeting, North Carolina A&T Univ., Greensboro, May, 2002.

Ching Y. Loh, K.B.M.Q. Zaman, "Numerical Investigation of `Transonic Resonance' with a Convergent-Divergent Nozzle," AIAA Paper 2002-0077, presented at the 40th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 14-17, 2002, Reno, NV.

C.Y.Loh, Sin-Chung Chang, Xiao Y. Wang, and Philip C.E.Jorgenson, "Gap Noise Computation by the CE/SE Method," FEDSM-2001-18136, presented at the ASME 2001 Fluid Engineering Division Summer Meeting, May 29-31, 2001, New Orleans, LA.

C.Y. Loh, A. Himansu, X.Y. Wang, P.C.E. Jorgenson, "Computation of an Underexpanded 3-D Rectangular Jet by the CE/SE Method," AIAA Paper 2001-0986, presented at the 39th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 8-11, 2001, Reno, NV.

Zeng-Chan Zhang, S.T. John Yu, Hao He, Sin-Chung Chang, "Direct Calculations of Two- and Three- Dimensional Detonations by an Extended CE/SE Method," AIAA Paper 2001-0476, presented at the 39th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 8-11, 2001, Reno, NV.

S.C. Chang, X.Y. Wang, W.M. To, "Application of the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method to One-Dimension Convection-Diffusion Problems," J. of Comput. Phys., 165, pp. 189-215, 2000.

S.C. Chang, Y. Wu, X.Y. Wang, V. Yang, "Local Mesh Refinement in the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, held July 9-14, 2000, Kyoto, Japan.

S.C. Chang, Z.C. Zhang, S.T. Yu, P.C.E. Jorgenson, "A Unified Wall Boundary Treatment for Viscous and Inviscid Flows in the Space-Time CE/SE Method," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, held July 9-14, 2000, Kyoto, Japan.

Z.C. Zhang, S.T. Yu, X.Y. Wang, S.C. Chang, P.C.E. Jorgenson, "Calculations of Low-Mach-Number Viscous Flows without Preconditioning by the Space-Time CE/SE Method," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, held July 9-14, 2000, Kyoto, Japan.

C.Y. Loh, X.Y. Wang, S.C. Chang, P.C.E. Jorgenson, "Computation of Feedback Aeroacoustic System by the CE/SE Method," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, held July 9-14, 2000, Kyoto, Japan.

X.Y. Wang, S.C. Chang, P.C.E. Jorgenson, "Numerical Simulation of Aeroacoustic Field in a 2D Cascade Involving a Downstream Moving Grid Using the Space-Time CE/SE Method," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, held July 9-14, 2000, Kyoto, Japan.

A. Himansu, P.C.E. Jorgenson, X.Y. Wang, S.C. Chang, "Parallel CE/SE Computations via Domain Decomposition," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, held July 9-14, 2000, Kyoto, Japan.

Y. Wu, V. Yang, S.C. Chang, "Space-Time Method for Chemically Reacting Flows with Detailed Kinetics," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, held July 9-14, 2000, Kyoto, Japan.

Z.C. Zhang, S.T. Yu, X.Y. Wang, S.C. Chang, P.C.E. Jorgenson, "The Space-Time CE/SE Method for Navier-Stokes Equations in Three Spatial Dimensions," AIAA Paper 2000-2331, presented at the AIAA Fluid 2000 Conference, June 19-22, 2000, Denver, CO.

C.Y. Loh, L.S. Hultgren, S.C. Chang, P.C.E. Jorgenson, "Aeroacoustic Computation for Nearly Fully Expanded Supersonic Jets Using the CE/SE Method," AIAA Paper 2000-2010, presented at the 6th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, June 12-14, 2000, Maui, Hawaii.

C.Y. Loh, L.S. Hultgren, S.C. Chang, P.C.E. Jorgenson, "Noise Computation of a Shock-Containing Supersonic Axisymmetric Jet by the CE/SE Method," AIAA Paper 2000-0475, presented at the 38th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 10-13, 2000, Reno, NV.

X.Y. Wang, S.C. Chang, P.C.E. Jorgenson, "Accuracy Study of the Space-Time CE/SE Method for Computational Aeroacoustics Problems Involving Shock Waves," AIAA Paper 2000-0474, presented at the 38th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 10-13, 2000, Reno, NV.

Z.C. Zhang, S.T. Yu, X.Y. Wang, S.C. Chang, A. Himansu, P.C.E. Jorgenson, "The CE/SE Method for Navier-Stokes Equations Using Unstructured Meshes for Flows at All Speeds," AIAA Paper 2000-0393, presented at the 38th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 10-13, 2000, Reno, NV.

X.Y. Wang, S.C. Chang, P.C.E. Jorgenson, "Prediction of Sound Waves Propagating Through a Nozzle Without/With a Shock Wave using the Space-Time CE/SE Method," AIAA Paper 2000-0222, presented at the 38th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 10-13, 2000, Reno, NV.

S.C. Chang, X.Y. Wang, C.Y. Chow, "The Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method -- A New High-Resolution and Genuinely Multidimensional Paradigm for Solving Conservation Laws," J. Comput. Phys., Vol. 156, No. 1, pp. 89-136, November 20, 1999.

X.Y. Wang, S.C. Chang, "A 2D Non-Splitting Unstructured Triangular Mesh Euler Solver Based on the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method," Comp. Fluid Dynamics Journal, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 309-325, July 1999.

X.Y. Wang, S.C. Chang, "A 3-D Structured/Unstructured Euler Solver based on the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method," 14th AIAA CFD Conference June 28, 1999, Norfolk, VA.

X.Y. Wang, C.Y. Chow, S.C. Chang, "Application of the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method to One-Dimensional Advection-Diffusion Problems," NASA TM -1999-209068, April 1999.

A. Himansu, S.C. Chang, S.T. Yu, X.Y. Wang, C.Y. Loh, P.C.E. Jorgenson, "High-Resolution Genuinely Multidimensional Solution of Conservation Laws by the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method," AIAA Paper 99-1006, presented at the 37th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 11-14, 1999, Reno, NV.

C.Y. Loh, L.S. Hultgren, S.C. Chang, P.C.E. Jorgenson, "Vortex Dynamics Simulation in Aeroacoustics by the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method," AIAA Paper 99-0359, presented at the 37th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 11-14, 1999, Reno, NV.

S.J. Park, S.T. Yu, M.C. Lai, S.C. Chang, P.C.E. Jorgenson, "Numerical Calculation of Unstable Detonations by the Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element," AIAA Paper 99-0491, presented at the 37th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 11-14, 1999, Reno, NV.

Z.C. Zhang, S.T. Yu, "Shock Capturing without Reimann Solver--A Modified Space-Time CE/SE Method for Conservation Laws," AIAA Paper 99-0904, presented at the 37th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 11-14, 1999, Reno, NV.

S.C. Chang, S.T. Yu, A. Himansu, X.Y. Wang, C.Y. Chow and C.Y. Loh, "The Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element -- A New Paradigm for Numerical Solution of Conservation Laws," Computational Fluid Dynamics Review 1998, M. Hafez and K. Oshima, eds., World Scientific, New Jersey, USA.

X.Y. Wang, C.Y. Chow, S.C. Chang, "The Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method-- A New High Resolution and Genuinely Multidimensional Paradigm for Solving Conservation Laws II. Numerical Simulation of Shock Waves and Contact Discontinuities," NASA TM -1998-208844, December 1998.

S.C. Chang, X.Y. Wang, C.Y. Chow, "The Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method-- A New High Resolution and Genuinely Multidimensional Paradigm for Solving Conservation Laws I. The Two Dimensional Time Marching Schemes," NASA TM -1998-208843, December 1998.

S.J. Park, S.T. Yu., M.C. Lai, S.C. Chang and P.C.E. Jorgenson, "Direct Calculations of Stable and Unstable ZND Detonations by the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method," AIAA paper 98-3212, presented at 34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, July 13-15, 1998, Cleveland, OH.

X.Y. Wang, S.C. Chang, K.H. Kao, and P.C.E. Jorgenson, "A Non-Splitting Unstructured-Triangular-Mesh Euler Solver Based on the Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element," Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Numerical Method in Fluid Dynamics, Arcachon, France, July 6-July 10, 1998.

S.T. Yu, S.C. Chang, P.C.E. Jorgenson, S.J. Park and M.C. Lai, "Treating Stiff Source Terms in Conservation Laws by the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method," Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Numerical Method in Fluid Dynamics, Arcachon, France, July 6-July 10, 1998.

X.Y. Wang, C.Y. Chow and S.C. Chang, "Non-reflecting Boundary Conditions Based on the Space-Time CE/SE Method for Free Shear Flows," AIAA paper 98-3020, presented at the 29th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, June 15-18, 1998.

X.Y. Wang, C.Y. Chow and S.C. Chang, "Numerical Simulation of Gust Generated Aeroacoustics in a Cascade Using the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method," AIAA Paper 98-0178, presented at the 36th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 12-15, 1998, Reno, NV.

X.Y. Wang, C.Y. Chow and S.C. Chang, "Numerical Simulation of Shock Reflection over a Dust Layer Model Using the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method," AIAA Paper 98-0443, presented at the 36th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 12-15, 1998, Reno, NV.

C.Y. Loh, L.S. Hultgren and S.C. Chang, "Computing Waves in Compressible Flow Using the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element method," AIAA Paper 98-0369, presented at the 36th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 12-15, 1998, Reno, NV.

S.C. Chang and A. Himansu, "The Implicit and Explicit a-µ Schemes," NASA TM 97-206307, November 1997.

S.C. Chang, A. Himansu, C.Y. Loh, X.Y. Wang, S.T. Yu and P.C.E. Jorgenson, "Robust and Simple Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions for the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method," AIAA Paper 97-2077, presented at the 13th AIAA CFD Conference, June 29-July 2, 1997, Snowmass, CO.

S.T. Yu and S.C. Chang, "Applications of the Space-Time Conservation Element / Solution Element Method to Unsteady Chemically Reactive Flows," AIAA Paper 97-2099, in A Collection of Technical Papers, 13th AIAA CFD Conference, June 29-July 2, 1997, Snowmass, CO.

S.T. Yu and S.C. Chang, "Treatments of Stiff Source Terms in Conservation Laws by the Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element," AIAA Paper 97-0435, presented at the 35th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 6-10, 1997, Reno, NV.

S.C. Chang, C.Y. Loh and S.T. Yu, "Computational Aeroacoustics via a New Global Conservation Scheme," Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics, P.Kutler, J. Flores and J.-J. Chattot, eds., June 24-28, 1996, Monterey, CA.

X.Y. Wang, C.Y. Chow and S.C. Chang, "An Euler Solver Based on the Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element," Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics, P.Kutler, J. Flores and J.-J. Chattot, eds., June 24-28, 1996, Monterey, CA.

X.Y. Wang, C.Y. Chow and S.C. Chang, "Numerical Simulation of Flows Caused by Shock-Body Interaction," AIAA Paper 96-2004, presented at the 27th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference, June 17-20, 1996, New Orleans, LA.

C.Y. Loh, S.C. Chang and J.R. Scott, "Computational Aeroacoustics via the Space-Time Conservation Element / Solution Element Method," AIAA Paper 96-1687, presented at the 2nd AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, May 6-8, 1996, State College, PA.

C.Y. Loh, S.C. Chang, J.R. Scott and S.T. Yu, "The Space-Time Conservation Element Method -- A New Numerical Scheme for Computational Aeroacoustics," AIAA Paper 96-0276, presented at the 34th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 15-18, 1996, Reno, NV.

X.Y. Wang, C.Y. Chow and S.C. Chang, "High Resolution Euler Solvers Based on the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method," AIAA Paper 96-0764, presented at the 34th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 15-18, 1996, Reno, NV.

S.C. Chang, "The Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element -- A New Approach for Solving the Navier-Stokes and Euler Equations," J. Comput. Phys., 119, pp. 295-324, (1995).

X.Y. Wang, "Computational Fluid Dynamics Based on the Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element," Ph.D. Dissertation, 1995, Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.

C.Y. Loh, S.C. Chang, J.R. Scott and S.T. Yu, "Application of the Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element to Aeroacoustics Problems," A Collection of Technical Papers, Volume II, pp. 713-718, 6th International Symposium on Computational Fluid Dynamics, September 4-8, 1995, Lake Tahoe, NV.

X.Y. Wang, S.C. Chang and C.Y. Chow, "Application of the Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element to Axisymmetric Euler Time-Marching Problems," A Collection of Technical Papers, Volume III, pp. 1351--1356, 6th International Symposium on Computational Fluid Dynamics, September 4-8, 1995, Lake Tahoe, Nevada.

S.C. Chang, X.Y. Wang, C.Y. Chow and A. Himansu, "The Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element -- Development of a New Implicit Solver," Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Numerical Methods in Laminar and Turbulent Flow, July 10-14, 1995, Atlanta, GA, C. Taylor and P. Durbetaki, eds., Volume IX, Part I, Pineridge Press, pp. 82-93. Also published as NASA TM 106897 (see below).

S.C. Chang, X.Y. Wang, C.Y. Chow and A. Himansu, "The Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element- Development of a New Implicit Solver," NASA TM 106897, July 1995.

X.Y. Wang, C.Y. Chow and S.C. Chang, "Application of the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method to Two-Dimensional Advection-Diffusion Problems," NASA TM 106946, June 1995.

S.C. Chang, X.Y. Wang and C.Y. Chow, "The Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element -- Applications to One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Time-Marching Flow Problems," AIAA Paper 95-1754-CP, in A Collection of Technical Papers, 12th AIAA CFD Conference, June 19-22, 1995, San Diego, CA, pp. 1258-1291. Also published as NASA TM 106915.

X.Y. Wang, C.Y. Chow and S.C. Chang, "Application of the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method to Shock-Tube Problem," NASA TM 106806, December 1994.

S.C. Chang, X.Y. Wang and C.Y. Chow, "New Developments in the Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element -- Applications to Two-Dimensional Time-Marching Problems," NASA TM 106758, December 1994.

S.C. Chang, "New Developments in the Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element -- Applications to the Euler and Navier-Stokes Equations," presented at the Second U.S. National Congress on Computational Mechanics, August 16-18, 1993, Washington D.C. Published as NASA TM 106226.

S.C. Chang and W.M. To, "A Brief Description of a New Numerical Framework for Solving Conservation Laws -- The Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element," Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics, July 6-10, 1992, Rome, Italy, M. Napolitano and F. Sabetta, eds., Lecture Notes in Physics 414, Springer-Verlag, pp. 396-400. Also published as NASA TM 105757.

S.C. Chang, "On an Origin of Numerical Diffusion: Violation of Invariance Under Space-Time Inversion," Proceedings of the 23rd Modeling and Simulation Conference, April 30 - May 1, 1992, Pittsburgh, PA, William G. Vogt and Marlin H. Mickle eds., Part 5, pp. 2727-2738. Also published as NASA TM 105776.

S.C. Chang and W.M. To, "A New Numerical Framework for Solving Conservation Laws -- The Method of Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element," NASA TM 104495, August 1991.